Perceived Racial Discrimination and Marijuana Use a Decade Later; Gender Differences Among Black Youth

Shervin Assari; Ritesh Mistry; Daniel B Lee; Cleopatra Howard Caldwell; Marc A Zimmerman

doi:10.3389/fped.2019.00078

Perceived Racial Discrimination and Marijuana Use a Decade Later; Gender Differences Among Black Youth

Front Pediatr. 2019 Mar 22:7:78. doi: 10.3389/fped.2019.00078. eCollection 2019.

Authors

Shervin Assari^{1

2

3}, Ritesh Mistry⁴, Daniel B Lee⁴, Cleopatra Howard Caldwell^{3

4}, Marc A Zimmerman^{4

5}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
² Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
³ Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
⁴ Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
⁵ Prevention Research Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.

Abstract

Background: Researchers have reported gender differences in the association between perceived racial discrimination (PRD) and substance use including marijuana use (MU). A limited number of longitudinal studies, however, have documented the long-term effect of PRD during adolescence on subsequent MU in young adulthood. Objective: In the current longitudinal study, we tested gender differences in the association between baseline PRD during adolescence and subsequent MU during young adulthood within Black population. Methods: A cohort of 595 Black (278 male and 317 female) ninth grade students were followed for 13 years from 1999 (mean age 20) to 2012 (mean age 33). Participants were selected from an economically disadvantaged urban area in the Midwest, United States. The independent variable was PRD measured in 1999. The outcome was average MU between 2000 and 2012 (based on eight measurements). Covariates included age, socio-demographics (family structure, and parental employment), and substance use by friends and parents. Gender was the focal moderator. Linear regression was used for statistical analysis. Results: In the pooled sample, PRD in 1999 was not associated with average MU between 2000 and 2012. We did, however, find an interaction effect between baseline PRD and gender on average MU, suggesting stronger association for males than females. In gender-specific models, baseline PRD predicted average MU between 2000 and 2012 for males, but not for females. Conclusion: Exposure to PRD during late adolescence may have a larger role on MU of male than female Black young adults. Although we found that males are more vulnerable to the effects of PRD on MU, PRD should be prevented regardless of race, gender, and other social identities. While PRD is pervasive among Black Americans, exposure to PRD increase the risk of MU for Black males. Hence, substance use prevention efforts for Black males, in particular, should emphasize coping with PRD.

Keywords: African Americans; blacks; gender; racial discrimination; substance use.

Abstract

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