Cell Penetration, Herbicidal Activity, and in-vivo-Toxicity of Oligo-Arginine Derivatives and of Novel Guanidinium-Rich Compounds Derived from the Biopolymer Cyanophycin

Abstract

Oligo-arginines are thoroughly studied cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs, Figures 1 and 2). Previous in-vitro investigations with the octaarginine salt of the phosphonate fosmidomycin (herbicide and anti-malaria drug) have shown a 40-fold parasitaemia inhibition with P. falciparum, compared to fosmidomycin alone (Figure 3). We have now tested this salt, as well as the corresponding phosphinate salt of the herbicide glufosinate, for herbicidal activity with whole plants by spray application, hoping for increased activities, i.e. decreased doses. However, both salts showed low herbicidal activity, indicating poor foliar uptake (Table 1). Another pronounced difference between in-vitro and in-vivo activity was demonstrated with various cell-penetrating octaarginine salts of fosmidomycin: intravenous injection to mice caused exitus of the animals within minutes, even at doses as low as 1.4 μmol/kg (Table 2). The results show that use of CPPs for drug delivery, for instance to cancer cells and tissues, must be considered with due care. The biopolymer cyanophycin is a poly-aspartic acid containing argininylated side chains (Figure 4); its building block is the dipeptide H-βAsp-αArg-OH (H-Adp-OH). To test and compare the biological properties with those of octaarginines we synthesized Adp₈-derivatives (Figure 5). Intravenouse injection of H-Adp₈-NH₂ into the tail vein of mice with doses as high as 45 μmol/kg causes no symptoms whatsoever (Table 3), but H-Adp₈-NH₂ is not cell penetrating (HEK293 and MCF-7 cells, Figure 6). On the other hand, the fluorescently labeled octamers FAM-(Adp(OMe))₈-NH₂ and FAM-(Adp(NMe₂))₈-NH₂ with ester and amide groups in the side chains exhibit mediocre to high cell-wall permeability (Figure 6), and are toxic (Table 3). Possible reasons for this behavior are discussed (Figure 7) and corresponding NMR spectra are presented (Figure 8).

Keywords: biopolymer cyanophycin; cell penetration; confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM); dipeptide Adp (H-βAsp-αArg-OH); fosmidomycin; glufosinate; guanidinium-rich peptides; herbicidal activity; in-vivo toxicity.