Objective: The clinical use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine either in tissue repair or tissue reconstruction has given highly interesting results thanks to their particular nature. Sources that have attracted the attention of medical scientists from where stem cells (SCs) in adults could be obtained are different and, dental tissues have certainly become an optimal source of MSCs. Dental tissue is a main reservoir of two types of MSCs dental bud (DBSCs) that constitute the immature precursor of the tooth and dental pulp (DPSCs) that are derived from dental inner pulp and partly from dental follicle tissue and can differentiate into several cell phenotypes as osteoblast, chondrocyte, hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, neuron and β cells.
Patients and methods: Normal impacted third molars and tooth buds were collected from adults and adolescents underwent to extractions for orthodontic reasons. The expression of the five stemness genes Nanog, OCT4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 were investigated by qRT-PCR in two different dental stem/progenitor cells: dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and stem cells from dental bud (DBSCs), differentiated toward osteoblastic phenotype and not.
Results: Both DPSCs and DBSCs are easy to access and we found their expression of the typical mesenchymal stemness makers and osteogenic capacity due to the effective presence of embryonic gene regulators like Nanog, OCT4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4. Both DBSCs and DPSCs could represent a valid tool in regenerative medicine and translational applications.
Conclusions: The results depicted here provide, for the first time to our knowledge, a comparative outcome about the stemness properties generated from accessible tissues such as DPSCs and DBSCs. These two types of SCs showed few different distinctive genetic traits supposedly in relation to their origin, location and stage of maturation. Certainly these SCs reserve solid potential for human clinical application in autologous procedure for bone, hard tissue and soft tissue regeneration, easy to isolate, ready availability, high-biocompatibility and safety and no ethical restrictions.