Validity and Reliability of a Novel Integrative Motor Performance Testing Course for Seniors: The "Agility Challenge for the Elderly (ACE)"

Eric Lichtenstein; Oliver Faude; Aline Zubler; Ralf Roth; Lukas Zahner; Roland Rössler; Timo Hinrichs; Jaap H van Dieën; Lars Donath

doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00044

Validity and Reliability of a Novel Integrative Motor Performance Testing Course for Seniors: The "Agility Challenge for the Elderly (ACE)"

Front Physiol. 2019 Feb 1:10:44. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00044. eCollection 2019.

Authors

Eric Lichtenstein¹, Oliver Faude¹, Aline Zubler¹, Ralf Roth¹, Lukas Zahner¹, Roland Rössler², Timo Hinrichs¹, Jaap H van Dieën³, Lars Donath⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
² Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
³ Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁴ Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, Institute of Exercise Training and Computer Science in Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.

Abstract

Background: Assessing traditional neuromuscular fall risk factors (i.e., balance, gait, strength) in the elderly has so far mainly been done independently. Functional and integrative testing approaches are scarce. The present study proposes an agility course for an integrative assessment of neuromuscular and also cardiocirculatory capacity in seniors - and tests its criterion validity and reliability. Methods: Thirty-six seniors (age: 69.0 ± 2.8 years; BMI: 25.4 ± 3.5 kg/m²; sex: 19 males/17 females; weekly physical activity: 9.4 ± 5.5 h) participated. They completed four trials of the Agility Challenge for the Elderly (ACE)-course in two sessions separated by 1 week. The course consists of three segments focusing on different agility aspects. Cardiovascular capacity was assessed by 6-min walk test (6MWT), neuromuscular capacity by static, dynamic and perturbed standing balance tasks, habitual gait speed assessment, and rate of torque development testing. Parameters' predictive strength for the ACE performance was assessed by regression analysis. Reliability was calculated with intraclass correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation. Results: Men completed the course in 43.0 ± 5.7 s and women in 51.9 ± 4.0 s. Overall and split times were explained by 6MWT time ( $η_{p}^{2}$ = 0.38-0.44), gait speed ( $η_{p}^{2}$ = 0.29-0.43), and to a lesser extent trunk rotation explosive strength ( $η_{p}^{2}$ = 0.05-0.12). Static and dynamic balance as well as plantar flexion strength explained the performance in some segments to a very small extent ( $η_{p}^{2}$ = 0.06-0.08). Good between- and within-day reliability were observed for total course and split times: The ICC for the between-day comparison was 0.93 (0.88-0.96) and ranged between 0.84 and 0.94 for split times. The within-day ICC was 0.94 (0.91-0.97) for overall time and 0.92-0.97 for split times. Coefficients of variation were smaller than 5.7% for within and between day analyses. Conclusion: The ACE course reflects cardiocirculatory and neuromuscular capacity, with the three ACE segments potentially reflecting slightly different domains of neuromuscular (static and dynamic balance, ankle, and trunk strength) performance, whereas cardiocirculatory fitness and gait speed contribute to all segments. Our test can detect changes in overall performance greater than 5.7% and can thus be useful for documenting changes due to interventions in seniors.

Keywords: balance; elderly; exercise testing; gait; risk of falling; seniors; standing balance; strength.