Resonant and Selective Excitation of Photocatalytically Active Defect Sites in TiO2

Bingya Hou; Lang Shen; Haotian Shi; Jihan Chen; Bofan Zhao; Kun Li; Yi Wang; Guozhen Shen; Mai-Anh Ha; Fanxi Liu; Anastassia N Alexandrova; Wei Hsuan Hung; Jahan Dawlaty; Phillip Christopher; Stephen B Cronin

doi:10.1021/acsami.8b12621

Resonant and Selective Excitation of Photocatalytically Active Defect Sites in TiO₂

ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019 Mar 13;11(10):10351-10355. doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b12621. Epub 2019 Mar 1.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106-5080 , United States.
² State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors , Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China.
³ Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90025 , United States.
⁴ Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, and College of Science , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310023 , P. R. China.
⁵ Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.
⁶ Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Feng Chia University , Taichung 407, 40724 , Taiwan.

PMID: 30768239
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12621

Abstract

It has been known for several decades that defects are largely responsible for the catalytically active sites on metal and semiconductor surfaces. However, it is difficult to directly probe these active sites because the defects associated with them are often relatively rare with respect to the stoichiometric crystalline surface. In the work presented here, we demonstrate a method to selectively probe defect-mediated photocatalysis through differential alternating current (ac) photocurrent (PC) measurements. In this approach, electrons are photoexcited from the valence band to a relatively narrow distribution of subband gap states in TiO₂ and then subsequently to the ions in solution. Because of their limited number, these defect states fill up quickly, resulting in Pauli blocking, and are thereby undetectable under direct current or continuous wave excitation. In the method demonstrated here, the incident light is modulated with an optical chopper, whereas the PC is measured with a lock-in amplifier. Thin (5 nm) films of TiO₂ deposited by atomic layer deposition on various metal films, including Au, Cu, and Al, exhibit the same wavelength-dependent PC spectra, with a broad peak centered around 2.0 eV corresponding to the band-to-defect transition associated with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). While the UV-vis absorption spectra of these films show no features at 2.0 eV, photoluminescence (PL) spectra of these photoelectrodes show a similar wavelength dependence with a peak of around 2.0 eV, corresponding to the subband gap emission associated with these defect sites. As a control, alumina (Al₂O₃) films exhibit no PL or PC over the visible wavelength range. The ac PC plotted as a function of electrode potential shows a peak of around -0.4 to -0.1 V versus normal hydrogen electrode, as the monoenergetic defect states are tuned through a resonance with the HER potential. This approach enables the direct photoexcitation of catalytically active defect sites to be studied selectively without the interference of the continuum interband transitions or the effects of Pauli blocking, which is limited by the slow turnover time of the catalytically active sites, typically on the order of 1 μs. We believe that this general approach provides an important new way to study the role of defects in catalysis in an area where selective spectroscopic studies of these are few.

Keywords: active site; catalysis; photocatalysis; resonate; titania; titanium dioxide.