Histology of medical devices poses a variety of unique challenges. Comprehensive histologic assessment of medical devices often requires spatial context and high-quality retention of the device-tissue interface. However, the composition of many medical devices is often not amenable to traditional paraffin embedding and thus alternative specialized methodologies such as hard resin embedding must be used. Hard resin embedding requires specialized laboratory technical expertise and equipment, and the fixation techniques and resin composition used markedly impact the feasibility of immunohistochemistry. For the continuity of spatial context during histologic evaluation, additional imaging methods such as macrophotography, radiography, micro-Computerized Tomography (microCT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to guide sectioning and to complement histologic findings. Although standardized approaches are scarce for medical devices, important considerations specific to medical device histology are discussed, including general specimen preparation, special considerations for devices by organ system, and the challenges of immunohistochemistry. Histologic preparation of medical devices must be thoughtful, thorough, and tailored to achieve optimal histologic outcomes for complex, valuable, and often limited implant specimens.
Keywords: biomaterials; histochemistry; histology; immunohistochemistry; materials and methods; medical device; pathology; study design.