In sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) breeding, introgression of useful genes via intergeneric hybridization is a powerful strategy for improving the crop productivity. Erianthus arundinaceus shows great potential in terms of useful traits; however, little is known about the cytogenetic and agronomic characteristics of intergeneric hybrids between these two species. Here, we examine the cytogenetic and agronomic characteristics, and relationships between the two in intergeneric F1 hybrids between modern sugarcane cultivar and E. arundinaceus identified by amplification of 5S rDNA markers and morphological characteristics. The nuclear DNA content of the hybrids varied from 6.07 to 8.94 pg/2C, with intra-clonal variation in DNA content and 5S rDNA sites. Genomic in situ hybridization revealed 53 to 82 chromosomes in the hybrids, with 53 to 56 derived from sugarcane and 1 to 29 from E. arundinaceus. There were significant positive correlations between the number of E. arundinaceus chromosomes and dry matter yield, millable stalk weight, single stalk weight, and stalk diameter, but not sucrose content, reducing sugar content, sucrose/reducing sugar ratio or fiber content. This detailed information on intergeneric F1 hybrids between modern sugarcane cultivar and E. arundinaceus will contribute to effective utilization of E. arundinaceus in sugarcane breeding.