The structural basis of the arrestin binding to GPCRs

Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2019 Mar 15:484:34-41. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.019. Epub 2019 Jan 28.

Abstract

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of signaling proteins targeted by more clinically used drugs than any other protein family. GPCR signaling via G proteins is quenched (desensitized) by the phosphorylation of the active receptor by specific GPCR kinases (GRKs) followed by tight binding of arrestins to active phosphorylated receptors. Thus, arrestins engage two types of receptor elements: those that contain GRK-added phosphates and those that change conformation upon activation. GRKs attach phosphates to serines and threonines in the GPCR C-terminus or any one of the cytoplasmic loops. In addition to these phosphates, arrestins engage the cavity that appears between trans-membrane helices upon receptor activation and several other non-phosphorylated elements. The residues that bind GPCRs are localized on the concave side of both arrestin domains. Arrestins undergo a global conformational change upon receptor binding (become activated). Arrestins serve as important hubs of cellular signaling, emanating from activated GPCRs and receptor-independent.

Keywords: Arrestin; GPCR; Phosphates; Protein engineering; Receptor specificity; Signaling.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Arrestin / chemistry*
  • Arrestin / metabolism*
  • Binding Sites
  • G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases / metabolism
  • Humans
  • Models, Molecular
  • Phosphorylation
  • Protein Binding
  • Protein Conformation
  • Protein Domains
  • Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / chemistry*
  • Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / metabolism*

Substances

  • Arrestin
  • Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
  • G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases