Applications of water blanching, surface contacting ultrasound-assisted air drying, and their combination for dehydration of white cabbage: Drying mechanism, bioactive profile, color and rehydration property

Abstract

This work studied the influences of water blanching pretreatment (30 s), surface contacting ultrasound (492.3 and 1131.1 W/m²) assisted air drying, and their combination on drying kinetics and quality of white cabbage. Contacting sonication was performed by placing samples on an ultrasonic vibration plate, and the drying temperature was 60 °C. Through drying kinetic analysis and numerical simulation considering internal and external resistances and shrinkage, it was found that both blanching pretreatment and contacting sonication during drying intensified internal water diffusion and external water exchange to shorten cabbage drying time. Meanwhile, blanching pretreatment was more effective to enhance the drying process. The largest reduction of drying time (from 145 min to 24 min) was obtained when sequential blanching and contacting sonication at 1131.1 W/m² were conducted. Dehydrated cabbages with blanching pretreatment were characterized by green color and high retention of vitamin C, while a severe loss of vitamin C was found in dried cabbages without blanching pretreatment. Moreover, although both blanching and contacting sonication shortened the drying time, the losses of phenolics, glucosinolates and resulting breakdown products were not alleviated. Contents of total phenolics, one glucosinolates (sinigrin) and one glucobrassicin breakdown product (indole-3-acetoritrile) in only air dried cabbages were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in samples dried by sequential blanching and contacting ultrasound-assisted drying. The changes of glucosinolate profile and resulting degradation products under different treatments were irregular, due to complex bioconversion pathways included.

Keywords: Blanching; Cabbage; Contacting ultrasound; Diffusion modeling; Glucosinolate; Quality.