Protein engineering strategies for improving the selective methylation of target CpG sites by a dCas9-directed cytosine methyltransferase in bacteria

PLoS One. 2018 Dec 18;13(12):e0209408. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209408. eCollection 2018.

Abstract

Mammalian gene expression is a complex process regulated in part by CpG methylation. The ability to target methylation for de novo gene regulation could have therapeutic and research applications. We have previously developed a dCas9-MC/MN protein for targeting CpG methylation. dCas9-MC/MN is composed of an artificially split M.SssI methyltransferase (MC/MN), with the MC fragment fused to a nuclease-null CRISPR/Cas9 (dCas9). Guide RNAs directed dCas9-MC/MN to methylate target sites in E. coli and human cells but also caused some low-level off-target methylation. Here, in E. coli, we show that shortening the dCas9-MC linker increases methylation of CpG sites located at select distances from the dCas9 binding site. Although a shortened linker decreased methylation of other CpGs proximal to the target site, it did not reduce off-target methylation of more distant CpG sites. Instead, targeted mutagenesis of the methyltransferase's DNA binding domain, designed to reduce DNA affinity, significantly and preferentially reduced methylation of such sites.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Binding Sites / genetics
  • CRISPR-Cas Systems / genetics*
  • CpG Islands / genetics
  • DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / genetics*
  • DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / metabolism
  • DNA Methylation / genetics
  • Escherichia coli
  • Gene Editing / methods*
  • Mutagenesis / genetics
  • Protein Engineering / methods*
  • Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs / genetics
  • RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems / genetics
  • Recombinant Fusion Proteins / genetics*
  • Recombinant Fusion Proteins / metabolism

Substances

  • RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems
  • Recombinant Fusion Proteins
  • DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases