Objectives: There are approximately 660 000 end-stage renal disease patients in the USA, with hemodialysis (HD) the primary form of treatment. High ultrafiltration rates (UFRs) are associated with intradialytic hypotension, a complication associated with adverse clinical outcomes including mortality. Individualized UFR profiles could reduce the incidence of intradialytic hypotension.
Methods: The patient's fluid dynamics during HD is described by a nonlinear model comprising intravascular and interstitial pools, whose parameters are given by the patient's estimated nominal parameter values with uncertainty ranges; the output measurement is hematocrit. We design UFR profiles that minimize the maximal UFR needed to remove a prescribed volume of fluid within a set time, with hematocrit not exceeding a specified time-varying critical profile.
Results: We present a novel approach to design individualized UFR profiles, and give theoretical results guaranteeing that the system remains within a predefined physiologically plausible region and does not exceed a specified time-invariant critical hematocrit level for all parameters in the uncertainty ranges. We test the performance of our design using a real patient data example. The designed UFR maintains the system below a time-varying critical hematocrit profile in the example.
Conclusion: Theoretical results and simulations show that our designed UFR profiles can remove the target amount of fluid in a given time period while keeping the hematocrit below a specified critical profile.
Significance: Individualization of UFR profiles is now feasible using current HD technology and may reduce the incidence of intradialytic hypotension.