Difficult Patient Behavior in Dialysis Facilities

Abstract

Difficult behavior exhibited by dialysis patients is a spectrum that includes nonadherence, verbal or physical abuse, and threatening acts. Such behaviors may lead to harmful consequences to the patient, other patients, the facility, and staff and can culminate in involuntary discharge. It is important to recognize that these "difficult behaviors" may be due to underlying psychosocial or medical issues, which places an onus on care providers to explore further. According to the Conditions for Coverage (CfC) for dialysis facilities, it falls upon the medical director to coordinate and oversee policies for patient satisfaction, patient safety and rights, involuntary discharges, and adverse events and outcomes. Thus, medical directors are liable for their own actions, and their staff for which they have oversight, for harm or perceived harm to patients in response to difficult behaviors. Guidelines to deal with specific patient behavior scenarios have been published by the Decreasing Dialysis Patient Conflict National Task Force of the Forum of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) Networks. The common denominator for these difficult scenarios is impaired communication, and the majority of patient concerns involve issues with staff, policies, treatments, and diet. Involuntary discharge of a patient should always be viewed as a last resort, and there is a structured process described in the CfC that requires the involvement of the respective ESRD Network and the facility medical director. As physicians, we are bound by ethical and growing legal obligations to act in an appropriate, ethical, and fair manner to patients who are considered to be "difficult."

Keywords: Behavior; Conflict; Dialysis; Involuntary discharge; Nonadherence.