The chemical composition, antibacterial and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the essential oils obtained from hydrodistillation of the fresh stem and leaf of Neolitsea coccinea B. C. Stone are reported for the first time. GC and GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 42 volatile compounds from the stem and leaf oils, accounting for 84.9% and 90.4%, respectively of the identified components. The principle compounds in the stem oil were δ-cadinene (21.2%), 1-epicubenol (11.3%) and cyperotundone (10.7%), while the main compounds in the leaf oil were selin-ll-en-4-α-ol (26.8%), bicyclogermacrene (12.6%), γ-eudesmol (7.1%), germacrene D (6.1%) and globulol (5.9%). The leaf oil demonstrated moderate to weak antibacterial activity towards Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 250 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL, respectively, whereas the stem oil posessed weak antibacterial activity against B. subtilis with a MIC value of 500 μg/mL. The stem and leaf oils showed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC(50) values of 32.2 ± 0.8 μg/mL and 70.9 ± 1.1 μg/mL, respectively.