The urban spatial expansion has led to the considerable substitution of natural vegetation-dominated land surfaces by impervious surfaces, especially in large cities, with great impacts on urban ecological quality. Two most heavily populated cities, Shanghai of China and New York of USA, were chosen as the study cases. Based on Landsat images obtained in 1989, 2002, 2015 in Shanghai and in 1991, 2001, 2015 in New York, normalized difference impervious surface index (NDISI) was used to extract impervious surface (IS) information. The remote sensing based ecolo-gical index (RSEI) was then applied to evaluate the changes of urban ecological quality caused by the increased impervious surface. Furthermore, landscape pattern indices were used to analyze the differences of spatial structure of impervious surface between Shanghai and New York and their influences on urban ecological quality. The results showed a significant difference in urban expansion rate and pattern between Shanghai and New York from the early 1990s to 2015. The IS expansion area in Shanghai was 17.4 times as much as that in New York. The annual IS increase rate of Shanghai was 62.2 times as much as that of New York. Shanghai had experienced an expansion from urban center to the surrounding countryside in a concentric ring pattern, whereas New York showed no much expansion but had IS increase mainly within the inner city through space filling pattern. These differences in IS change rate and spatial distribution pattern had resulted in the difference in urban ecological quality of the two cities. The mean RSEI in Shanghai dropped from 0.717 in 1989 to 0.453 in 2015, with a decrease of 36.8%. In contrast, the RSEI of New York had a decline of 6.9% from 0.552 in 1991 to 0.514 in 2015. The poor ecological condition urban area tended to have large IS patches that were well connected and aggregated.
城市空间的扩展使得大量的不透水面取代了以植被为主的自然地表景观,尤其是在规模较大的城市,其高比例的不透水面很大程度上影响了城市生态质量.本研究以中、美2个人口规模最大的城市——上海和纽约为研究区,基于上海1989、2002和2015年和纽约近同期的1991、2001和2015年的Landsat影像,利用归一化不透水面指数(NDISI)提取研究区各年份的不透水面信息,通过遥感生态指数(RSEI)评价城市不透水面大幅增长导致的城市生态质量变化,并借助景观指数分析上海和纽约两种不透水面空间分布格局对城市生态质量的影响.结果表明: 20世纪90年代初到2015年,上海和纽约的城市不透水面增长速率和空间变化模式存在显著差异.研究期间,上海不透水面的总增加面积是纽约的17.4倍,年均增长速率是纽约的62.2倍.上海的城市扩张方式主要表现为由城市中心向周边乡村扩展,而纽约的城市无明显扩张,不透水面以填充的方式在城市内部增加.2种不同的不透水面变化模式和空间分布格局对城市生态质量产生了不同影响.上海的RSEI均值从1989年的0.717下降到2015年的0.453,总体降幅达 36.8%;而1991和2015年纽约的RSEI分别为0.552和0.514,下降6.9%,其幅度远小于上海.在不透水面斑块面积大、斑块内部高度连通和聚集的区域,城市生态质量较差.
Keywords: New York; Shanghai; impervious surface; remote sensing; remote sensing based ecological index (RSEI).