An analysis of issues in the classification and reporting of heroin-related deaths

Nathan C Stam; Dimitri Gerostamoulos; Jennifer L Pilgrim; Karen Smith; Lauren Moran; Sarah Parsons; Olaf H Drummer

doi:10.1111/add.14486

An analysis of issues in the classification and reporting of heroin-related deaths

Addiction. 2019 Mar;114(3):504-512. doi: 10.1111/add.14486. Epub 2018 Dec 3.

Authors

Nathan C Stam^{1

2}, Dimitri Gerostamoulos^{1

3}, Jennifer L Pilgrim¹, Karen Smith^{2

4

5}, Lauren Moran⁶, Sarah Parsons^{1

3}, Olaf H Drummer¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
² Department of Community Emergency Health and Paramedic Practice, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
³ Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Melbourne, Australia.
⁴ Centre for Research and Evaluation, Ambulance Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
⁵ Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
⁶ Mortality Data Centre, Health and Vital Statistics Section, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Brisbane, Australia.

PMID: 30397976
DOI: 10.1111/add.14486

Abstract

Aims: To investigate the extent of variability in the reporting of heroin-related deaths in Victoria, Australia. Additionally, to identify opportunities to improve the accuracy and consistency of heroin-related death reporting by examining variability in the attribution, death certification, classification and coding of heroin-related death cases.

Methods: Heroin-related deaths in Victoria, Australia during a 2-year period (2012-13) were identified using the National Coronial Information System (NCIS) and used as the 'gold standard' measure in this study. Heroin-related death data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) and Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) were then compared. Differences in the number of deaths reported as well as the classification and coding assigned to the identified heroin-related death cases were investigated by cross-referencing these data sets and examining the assigned ICD-10 codes.

Results: A total of 243 heroin-related deaths were identified through the NCIS compared with 165 heroin-related deaths reported by the AIHW and assigned the heroin-specific ICD-10 code of T40.1. Forty per cent of all the missed heroin-related death cases resulted from either the attribution of the death to morphine toxicity or with non-specific drug toxicity certification; 30% occurred where the cases had been attributed to heroin but there were irregularities in death certification. Additional missed heroin-related death cases occurred as a result of late initial registration of these deaths to the Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, and where these cases were then not assessed by the ABS for classification and coding purposes.

Conclusions: In Victoria, Australia, in 2012 and 2013, the overall number of heroin-related deaths was under-reported by 32% compared with the number of deaths currently identified by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and reported by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.

Keywords: Attribution of death; death certification; heroin toxicity; mortality; opioid toxicity; surveillance.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Cause of Death*
Databases, Factual
Drug Overdose / classification
Drug Overdose / mortality*
Heroin / poisoning*
Humans
International Classification of Diseases
Morphine / poisoning
Narcotics / poisoning*
Victoria / epidemiology

Substances

Narcotics
Heroin
Morphine