Digital soil mapping in the Bara district of Nepal using kriging tool in ArcGIS

PLoS One. 2018 Oct 26;13(10):e0206350. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206350. eCollection 2018.

Abstract

Digital soil mapping has been widely used to develop statistical models of the relationships between environmental variables and soil attributes. This study aimed at determining and mapping the spatial distribution of the variability in soil chemical properties of the agricultural floodplain lands of the Bara district in Nepal. The study was carried out in 23 Village Development Committees with 12,516 ha total area, in the southern part of the Bara district. A total of 109 surface soil samples (0 to 15 cm depth) were collected and analyzed for pH, organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P, expressed as P2O5), potassium (K, expressed as K2O), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) status. Descriptive statistics showed that most of the measured soil chemical variables (other than pH and P2O5) were skewed and non-normally distributed and logarithmic transformation was then applied. A geostatistical tool, kriging, was used in ArcGIS to interpolate measured values for those variables and several digital map layers were developed based on each soil chemical property. Geostatistical interpolation identified a moderate spatial variability for pH, OM, N, P2O5, and a weak spatial variability for K2O, Zn, and B, depending upon the use of amendments, fertilizing methods, and tillage, along with the inherent characteristics of each variable. Exponential (pH, OM, N, and Zn), Spherical (K2O and B), and Gaussian (P2O5) models were fitted to the semivariograms of the soil variables. These maps allow farmers to assess existing farm soils, thus allowing them to make easier and more efficient management decisions and maintain the sustainability of productivity.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Environmental Monitoring / methods*
  • Nepal
  • Nitrogen / analysis
  • Phosphorus / analysis
  • Soil / chemistry*
  • Spatial Analysis*
  • Statistics as Topic

Substances

  • Soil
  • Phosphorus
  • Nitrogen

Grants and funding

The National Land Use Project under the Ministry of Land Reform and Management, Nepal was providing financial support for Hexa International Pvt. Ltd., Lalitpur and En. Geo. Global Pvt. Ltd., Bhaktapur, Nepal for the preparation of VDC level Land Resource Maps, database and reports of twenty-three VDCs of Bara district (RFP #NLUP/QCBS/01/069/070). Author Bikesh Twanabasu was employed by Hexa International Pvt. Ltd. during the course of the study. Hexa International Pvt. Ltd provided support in the form of salary for author BT, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific role of this author is articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.