Background: The thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) is the target for autoimmune thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb) triggering hyperthyroidism. Whereas elevated thyroid hormone synthesis by the thyroid in Graves' disease can be treated by antithyroid agents, for the pathogenic activation of TSHR in retro-orbital fibroblasts of the eye, leading to Graves' orbitopathy (GO), no causal TSHR directed therapy is available.
Methods: Due to the therapeutic gap for severe GO, TSHR inhibitors were identified by high-throughput screening in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the TSHR. Stereo-selective synthesis of the screening hits led to the molecule S37, which contains seven chiral centers. Enantiomeric separation of the molecule S37 resulted in the enantiopure molecule S37a-a micro-molar antagonist of thyrotropin-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation in HEK 293 cells expressing the TSHR.
Results: The unique rigid bent shape of molecule S37a may mediate the observed high TSHR selectivity. Most importantly, the closely related follitropin and lutropin receptors were not affected by this compound. S37a not only inhibits the TSHR activation by thyrotropin itself but also activation by monoclonal TSAb M22 (human), KSAb1 (murine), and the allosteric small-molecule agonist C2. Disease-related ex vivo studies in HEK 293 cells expressing the TSHR showed that S37a also inhibits cyclic adenosine monophosphate formation by oligoclonal TSAb, which are highly enriched in GO patients' sera. Initial in vivo pharmacokinetic studies revealed no toxicity of S37a and a remarkable 53% oral bioavailability in mice.
Conclusion: In summary, a novel highly selective inhibitor for the TSHR is presented, which has promising potential for further development for the treatment of GO.
Keywords: Graves’; antagonist; disease; hyperthyroidism; orbitopathy; small molecule; thyrotropin receptor.