1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California.
2 Department of Emergency Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles.
3 Berry Consultants, Austin, Texas.
4 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
5 Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.