In situ photochemical crosslinking of hydrogel membrane for Guided Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

Objective: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that destroys the tooth-supporting attachment apparatus. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is a technique based on a barrier membrane designed to prevent wound space colonization by gingival cells. This study examined a new formulation composed of two polymers that could be photochemically cross-linked in situ into an interpenetrated polymer network (IPN) forming a hydrogel membrane.

Methods: We synthetized and characterized silanized hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Si-HPMC) for its cell barrier properties and methacrylated carboxymethyl chitosan (MA-CMCS) for its degradable backbone to use in IPN. Hydrogel membranes were cross-linked using riboflavin photoinitiator and a dentistry visible light lamp. The biomaterial's physicochemical and mechanical properties were determined. Hydrogel membrane degradation was evaluated in lysozyme. Cytocompatibility was estimated by neutral red uptake. The cell barrier property was studied culturing human primary gingival fibroblasts or human gingival explants on membrane and analyzed with confocal microscopy and histological staining.

Results: The IPN hydrogel membrane was obtained after 120s of irradiation. The IPN showed a synergistic increase in Young moduli compared with the single networks. The CMCS addition in IPN allows a progressive weight loss compared to each polymer network. Cytocompatibility was confirmed by neutral red assay. Human cell invasion was prevented by hydrogel membranes and histological sections revealed that the biomaterial exhibited a barrier effect in contact with soft gingival tissue.

Significance: We demonstrated the ability of an innovative polymer formulation to form in situ, using a dentist's lamp, an IPN hydrogel membrane, which could be an easy-to-use biomaterial for GTR therapy.

Keywords: Barrier membrane; Carboxymethyl chitosan; Chitosan; Dental biomaterial; Interpenetrated polymer network; Periodontitis; Photocrosslinking; Riboflavin; Silanized hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; Visible light Photopolymerization.