Spatial trends in congenital malformations and stream water chemistry in Southern Brazil

Humberto C Ibañez; Viviane S Melanda; Viviane K Q Gerber; Otavio A B Licht; Marilea V C Ibañez; Terêncio R Aguiar Júnior; Rosiane G Mello; Heloisa Komechen; Diancarlos P Andrade; Gledson L Picharski; Damasio P G Figueiredo; Mara A D Pianovski; Mirna M O Figueiredo; Gislaine Custódio; Ivy Z S Parise; Laura M Castilho; Mariana M Paraizo; Chloe Edinger; Carmem M C M Fiori; Hélio Pedrini; Nilton Kiesel Filho; Ana Luiza M R Fabro; Rayssa D Fachin; Karin R P Ogradowski; Guilherme A Parise; Paulo H N Saldiva; Edith F Legal; Roberto Rosati; Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo; Raul C Ribeiro; Gerard P Zambetti; Enzo Lalli; Bonald C Figueiredo

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.061

Spatial trends in congenital malformations and stream water chemistry in Southern Brazil

Sci Total Environ. 2019 Feb 10;650(Pt 1):1278-1291. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.061. Epub 2018 Sep 5.

Authors

Humberto C Ibañez¹, Viviane S Melanda², Viviane K Q Gerber¹, Otavio A B Licht³, Marilea V C Ibañez⁴, Terêncio R Aguiar Júnior⁵, Rosiane G Mello¹, Heloisa Komechen⁶, Diancarlos P Andrade¹, Gledson L Picharski¹, Damasio P G Figueiredo⁵, Mara A D Pianovski⁷, Mirna M O Figueiredo⁵, Gislaine Custódio⁵, Ivy Z S Parise¹, Laura M Castilho⁴, Mariana M Paraizo¹, Chloe Edinger⁴, Carmem M C M Fiori⁸, Hélio Pedrini⁹, Nilton Kiesel Filho¹⁰, Ana Luiza M R Fabro¹¹, Rayssa D Fachin⁴, Karin R P Ogradowski¹, Guilherme A Parise⁵, Paulo H N Saldiva¹², Edith F Legal¹³, Roberto Rosati¹, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo¹⁴, Raul C Ribeiro¹⁵, Gerard P Zambetti¹⁶, Enzo Lalli¹⁷, Bonald C Figueiredo¹⁸

Affiliations

¹ Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Faculdades Pequeno Principe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
² Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Secretaria do Estado da Saúde do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
³ Instituto de Terras Cartografia e Geologia, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
⁴ Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
⁵ Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
⁶ Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
⁷ Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Erasto Gaertner Hospital, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
⁸ União Oeste Paranaense de Estudos e Combate ao Câncer - UOPECCAN, Cascavel, PR, Brazil; Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.
⁹ Instituto de Computação, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
¹⁰ Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
¹¹ Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
¹² Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
¹³ Faculdades Pequeno Principe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
¹⁴ Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
¹⁵ Faculdades Pequeno Principe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
¹⁷ Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS, 660 route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France.
¹⁸ Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Faculdades Pequeno Principe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: bonald@ufpr.br.

PMID: 30308815
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.061

Abstract

The incidence of variable congenital malformation (CM) among 399 municipalities in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil, suggests the etiological role of environmental factors. This study examined a) environmental concentrations of chlorine anions (Cl^-) associated with organochlorines (OCs) and b) associations between these chemicals and agricultural output with CMs using a geographical information system. In one of the three years during the sampling period (2008, 2009 or 2010) Cl^-, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p'-DDD), and endosulfan levels were measured in 465 (465/736, 63%) catchment basins. Agricultural outputs for crops during 2006-2010 were also evaluated (t/km²). Further, CM kernel density for the 399 municipalities in Paraná during 2007-2014 was investigated. Cl^- levels increased significantly in one of the three years (2008, 2009 or 2010) in western catchment basins, compared to 1996 (p < 0.0001). The municipalities were divided according to the obtained Cl^- levels, where sub-region C2 (central-southern) < 1.8 mg/L ≤ sub-regions C1 (northern-western) and C3 (eastern-southern). We identified 8756 cases of CMs among 1,221,287 newborns (NB) in all sub-regions. C1 had higher DDT-DDE-DDD (p,p'-DDT + p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD) concentrations, agricultural output, and CM kernel density. C2 and C3 had minor agricultural outputs (per square kilometer) and CM densities. A 2.96 mg/L increase in Cl^- between sub-regions C1 and C2 was co-localized with a 45% increase in CM density (spatial relative risk = 1.45, CI 95%: 1.36-1.55). C1 had the highest log likelihood ratios (p = 0.001) identified via SaTScan clustering analyses. Organochlorines and other toxic chlorinated chemicals may contribute to CMs in humans, and these chemicals are ultimately transformed and release Cl^- in rivers. Higher Cl^- levels were correlated significantly with higher agricultural productivity, DDT-DDE-DDD levels, and CMs in some parts of the northern and western sub-regions (C1).

Keywords: Agricultural output; Chloride; Congenital anomaly; Organochlorine; Pesticide; Spatial analysis.