Background: Pupillometry is used for the detection of autonomic dysfunction related to numerous diseases and drug administration. Genetic variants in cytochrome P450 ( CYP2D6, CYP3A4), dopamine receptor ( DRD2, DRD3), serotonin receptor ( HTR2A, HTR2C) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily B ( ABCB1) genes were previously associated with aripiprazole response.
Aims: Our aim was to evaluate if aripiprazole affects pupil contraction and its relationship with pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics.
Methods: Thirty-two healthy volunteers receiving a 10 mg single oral dose of aripiprazole were genotyped for 15 polymorphisms in ABCB1, CYP2D6, DRD2, DRD3, HTR2A and HTR2C genes by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Aripiprazole and dehydro-aripiprazole plasma concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Pupil examination was performed by automated pupillometry.
Results: Aripiprazole caused pupil constriction and reached the peak value at Cmax. HTR2A rs6313 T allele carriers and HTR2C rs3813929 C/T subjects showed higher maximum constriction velocity and maximum pupil diameter. Besides, Gly/Gly homozygotes for DRD3 rs6280 showed significantly lower maximum constriction velocity values. A/G heterozygotes for DRD2 rs6277 showed higher total time taken by the pupil to recover 75% of the initial resting size values. CYP2D6 intermediate metabolisers showed higher area under the curve, Cmax and T1/2 than extensive metabolisers. ABCB1 G2677T/A A/A homozygotes had greater T1/2 in comparison with C/C homozygotes. ABCB1 C3435T T allele carriers and C1236T C/T subjects showed greater area under the curve than C/C homozygotes.
Conclusions: Aripiprazole affects pupil contraction, which could be a secondary effect through dopamine and serotonin receptors. Pupillometry could be a useful tool to assess autonomic nervous system activity during antipsychotic treatment.
Keywords: Aripiprazole; pharmacogenetics; pharmacokinetics; pupillometry.