Search for Upstream Cell Volume Sensors: The Role of Plasma Membrane and Cytoplasmic Hydrogel

Abstract

The plasma membrane plays a prominent role in the regulation of cell volume by mediating selective transport of extra- and intracellular osmolytes. Recent studies show that upstream sensors of cell volume changes are mainly located within the cytoplasm that displays properties of a hydrogel and not in the plasma membrane. Cell volume changes occurring in anisosmotic medium as well as in isosmotic environment affect properties of cytoplasmic hydrogel that, in turn, trigger rapid regulatory volume increase and decrease (RVI and RVD). The downstream signaling pathways include reorganization of 2D cytoskeleton and altered composition of polyphosphoinositides located on the inner surface of the plasma membrane. In addition to its action on physico-chemical properties of cytoplasmic hydrogel, cell volume changes in anisosmotic conditions affect the ionic strength of the cytoplasm and the [Na⁺]_i/[K⁺]_i ratio. Elevated intracellular ionic strength evoked by long term exposure of cells to hypertonic environment resulted in the activation of TonEBP and augmented expression of genes controlling intracellular organic osmolyte levels. The role of Na⁺_i/K⁺_i -sensitive, Ca²⁺_i -mediated and Ca²⁺_i-independent mechanisms of excitation-transcription coupling in cell volume-adjustment remains unknown.

Keywords: Cell volume; Cytoplasmic biogel; Cytoskeleton; Intracellular Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+); Membrane stretch; Polyphosphoinositides.