The effect of ACL deficiency on the end-to-end distances of the tibiofemoral ACL attachment during in vivo dynamic activity

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of ACL deficiency on the in vivo changes in end-to-end distances and to determine appropriate graft fixation angles for commonly used tunnel positions in contemporary ACL reconstruction techniques.

Methods: Twenty-one patients with unilateral ACL-deficient and intact contralateral knees were included. Each knee was studied using a combined magnetic resonance and dual fluoroscopic imaging technique while the patients performed a dynamic step-up motion (~50° of flexion to extension). The end-to-end distances of the centers of the anatomic anteromedial (AM), posterolateral (PL) and single-bundle ACL reconstruction (SB-anatomic) tunnel positions were simulated and analyzed. Comparisons were made between the elongation patterns between the intact and ACL-deficient knees. Additionally, a maximum graft length change of 6% was used to calculate the deepest flexion fixation angle.

Results: ACL-deficient knees had significantly longer graft lengths when compared with the intact knees for all studied tunnel positions (p < 0.01). The end-to-end distances for the AM, PL and SB-anatomic grafts were significantly longer between 0-30° of flexion when compared with the intact knee by p < 0.05 for all. Six percent length change occurred with fixation of the AM bundle at 30° of flexion, PL bundle at 10° and the SB-anatomic graft at 20°.

Conclusions: ACL-deficient knees had significantly longer in vivo end-to-end distances between 0°-30° of flexion for grafts at the AM, PL and SB-anatomic tunnel positions when compared with the intact knees. Graft fixation angles of <30° for the AM, <10° for the PL, and <20° for the SB-anatomic grafts may prevent permanent graft stretch.

Keywords: ACL deficiency; Anterior cruciate ligament; Biomechanics; In vivo; Isometry; Length changes.