1 Department of Surgery and Center for Quality and Safety, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: dshahian@partners.org.
2 Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
3 Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
4 Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas.
5 Department of Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
6 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
7 Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St. Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri.