Juvenile rockfish show resilience to CO2-acidification and hypoxia across multiple biological scales

Brittany E Davis; Lisa M Komoroske; Matthew J Hansen; Jamilynn B Poletto; Emily N Perry; Nathan A Miller; Sean M Ehlman; Sarah G Wheeler; Andrew Sih; Anne E Todgham; Nann A Fangue

doi:10.1093/conphys/coy038

Juvenile rockfish show resilience to CO₂-acidification and hypoxia across multiple biological scales

Conserv Physiol. 2018 Jul 10;6(1):coy038. doi: 10.1093/conphys/coy038. eCollection 2018.

Authors

Brittany E Davis^{1

2}, Lisa M Komoroske^{1

3

4}, Matthew J Hansen¹, Jamilynn B Poletto^{1

5}, Emily N Perry², Nathan A Miller¹, Sean M Ehlman⁶, Sarah G Wheeler^{3

7}, Andrew Sih⁶, Anne E Todgham², Nann A Fangue¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
² Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
³ Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, USA.
⁴ Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
⁵ School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
⁶ Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
⁷ Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.

Abstract

California's coastal ecosystems are forecasted to undergo shifting ocean conditions due to climate change, some of which may negatively impact recreational and commercial fish populations. To understand if fish populations have the capacity to respond to multiple stressors, it is critical to examine interactive effects across multiple biological scales, from cellular metabolism to species interactions. This study examined the effects of CO₂-acidification and hypoxia on two naturally co-occurring species, juvenile rockfish (genus Sebastes) and a known predator, cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus). Fishes were exposed to two PCO₂ levels at two dissolved oxygen (DO) levels: ~600 (ambient) and ~1600 (high) μatm PCO₂ and 8.0 (normoxic) and 4.5 mg l^-1 DO (hypoxic) and assessments of cellular metabolism, prey behavior and predation mortality rates were quantified after 1 and 3 weeks. Physiologically, rockfish showed acute alterations in cellular metabolic enzyme activity after 1 week of acclimation to elevated PCO₂ and hypoxia that were not evident in cabezon. Alterations in rockfish energy metabolism were driven by increases in anaerobic LDH activity, and adjustments in enzyme activity ratios of cytochrome c oxidase and citrate synthase and LDH:CS. Correlated changes in rockfish behavior were also apparent after 1 week of acclimation to elevated PCO₂ and hypoxia. Exploration behavior increased in rockfish exposed to elevated PCO₂ and spatial analysis of activity indicated short-term interference with anti-predator responses. Predation rate after 1 week increased with elevated PCO₂; however, no mortality was observed under the multiple-stressor treatment suggesting negative effects on cabezon predators. Most noteworthy, metabolic and behavioral changes were moderately compensated after 3 weeks of acclimation, and predation mortality rates also decreased suggesting that these rockfish may be resilient to changes in environmental stressors predicted by climate models. Linking physiological and behavioral responses to multiple stressors is vital to understand impacts on populations and community dynamics.

Keywords: Anti-predator behavior; Sebastes; cabezon; climate change; physiology.