Pyocins are bacteriocins secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and they assist in the colonization of different niches. A major subset of these antibacterial proteins adopt a modular organization characteristic of polymorphic toxins. They include a receptor-binding domain, a segment enabling membrane passage, and a toxin module at the carboxy terminus, which eventually kills the target cells. To protect themselves from their own products, bacteriocin-producing strains express an immunity gene concomitantly with the bacteriocin. We show here that a pyocin equipped with a phylogenetically distinct ColM toxin domain, PaeM4, mediates antagonism against a large set of P. aeruginosa isolates. Immunity to PaeM4 is provided by the inner membrane protein PmiC, which is equipped with a transmembrane topology not previously described for the ColM family. Given that strains lacking a pmiC gene are killed by PaeM4, the presence of such an immunity partner likely is a key criterion for escaping cellular death mediated by PaeM4. The presence of a TonB box in PaeM4 and enhanced bacteriocin activity under iron-poor conditions strongly suggested the targeting of a TonB-dependent receptor. Evaluation of PaeM4 activities against TonB-dependent receptor knockout mutants in P. aeruginosa PAO1 revealed that the heme receptor HxuC (PA1302) serves as a PaeM4 target at the cellular surface. Because other ColM-type pyocins may target the ferrichrome receptor FiuA, our results illustrate the versatility in target recognition conferred by the polymorphic nature of ColM-type bacteriocins.IMPORTANCE The antimicrobial armamentarium of a bacterium is a major asset for colonizing competitive environments. Bacteriocins comprise a subset of these compounds. Pyocins are an example of such antibacterial proteins produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, killing other P. aeruginosa strains. A large group of these molecules show a modular protein architecture that includes a receptor-binding domain for initial target cell attachment and a killer domain. In this study, we have shown that a novel modular pyocin (PaeM4) that kills target bacteria via interference with peptidoglycan assembly takes advantage of the HxuC heme receptor. Cells can protect themselves from killing by the presence of a dedicated immunity partner, an integral inner membrane protein that adopts a transmembrane topology distinct from that of proteins currently known to provide immunity against such toxin activity. Understanding the receptors with which pyocins interact and how immunity to pyocins is achieved is a pivotal step toward the rational design of bacteriocin cocktails for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections.
Keywords: TonB-dependent receptor; bacterial antagonism; lipid II; polymorphic toxin; protein antibiotic; pyocin; toxin-immunity module.
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