TiO₂-SnS₂ composite semiconducting photocatalysts with different building component ratios were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis (TiO₂-SnS₂-HT) and by immobilization of commercial TiO₂ and SnS₂ particles (TiO₂-SnS₂-COMM). The band gap values, which determine the catalysts’ photoactivity, were examined by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and Kubelka⁻Munk transformations. The catalysts’ surface properties: specific surface area, charge and adsorption capacitance at the solid⁻solution interface were characterized using BET analysis, potentiometric titration and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. The electronic band structure of TiO₂-SnS₂ photocatalyst, as the key property for the solar-driven photocatalysis, was deduced from the thermodynamic data and the semiconducting parameters (type of semiconductivity, concentration of the charge carriers, flat band potential) obtained by Mott⁻Schottky analysis. The photoactivity of both composites was studied in photocatalytic treatment of diclofenac (DCF) under simulated solar irradiation and was compared to the benchmark photocatalyst (TiO₂ P25) activity. The influence of process parameters, such as pH, H₂O₂, and composite formulation on the effectiveness of DCF removal and conversion was investigated and discussed by employing response surface modeling (RSM) approach. The photocatalytic efficiency of both composite materials was discussed on the basis of the hetereojunction formation that facilitated the photoelectron transfer, promoting more efficient photocatalytic degradation of DCF.
Keywords: TiO2-SnS2 composite catalysts; diclofenac; energy band diagram construction; semiconducting parameters; solar photocatalytic water treatment.