Background: Localization of non-visible, non-palpable small pulmonary nodules during video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) remains challenging. We sought to investigate the feasibility and safety of image-guided video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (iVATS) with near-infrared (NIR) marking in a hybrid operating room (OR).
Methods: Both localization and surgery were performed by a single team of thoracic surgeons. Diluted indocyanine green (ICG; quantity: 0.3-0.5 mL; dye concentration: 0.125 mg/mL) was injected percutaneously to pinpoint the tumor's location under cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) guidance using a laser-guided navigation system. Real-time fluorescence images were intraoperatively obtained using a NIR thoracoscopic camera to guide subsequent resection.
Results: Between March and December 2017, 26 patients underwent NIR marking of small pulmonary nodules for iVATS. The median tumor size was 7 mm (interquartile range [IQR] 5.3-10.8 mm), whereas their median distance from the pleural surface was 5 mm (IQR 0.3-10.5 mm). Seven nodules (35%) were solid, whereas 17 (65%) were ground-glass opacities. All lesions were identifiable on intraoperative CBCT. The median time required for NIR localization was 13 min. An NIR(+) "tattoo" was identified in all cases, and no intraoperative conversion to thoracotomy occurred. The final pathological diagnoses were primary lung cancer (n = 11), metastatic cancer (n = 6), and benign lung tumor (n = 9). Adverse events were not observed, and the median length of post-operative stay was 4 days (IQR 3-4 days).
Conclusions: Our data show that iVATS with NIR marking is useful, has no adverse effects, and can successfully localize difficult-to-identify small pulmonary nodules.
Keywords: ARTIS zeego; Hybrid operating room; Imaging-guided video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; Indocyanine green; Near-infrared; Small pulmonary nodules.