Abstract
Remarkable efficacy has been achieved in a variety of cancer types by targeting immune checkpoints. The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 inhibitor ipilimumab, the programmed death 1 inhibitors nivolumab and pembrolizumab, and the programmed death ligand 1 inhibitors atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab are the agents currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of certain advanced malignancies. These agents mark a departure from both standard cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapy. However, they are associated with a unique set of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which can manifest as a wide range of autoimmune phenomena. The irAEs can affect any system in the body and in rare cases are life-threatening. It is critical for the practicing medical oncologist to recognize and promptly treat any irAEs that may develop.
MeSH terms
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Antibodies, Monoclonal / administration & dosage
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Antibodies, Monoclonal / adverse effects*
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Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / administration & dosage
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Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / adverse effects*
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Antineoplastic Agents / administration & dosage
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Antineoplastic Agents / adverse effects*
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B7-H1 Antigen / antagonists & inhibitors
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B7-H1 Antigen / genetics
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B7-H1 Antigen / immunology
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CTLA-4 Antigen / antagonists & inhibitors
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CTLA-4 Antigen / genetics
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CTLA-4 Antigen / immunology
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Colitis / etiology
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Colitis / genetics
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Colitis / immunology
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Colitis / prevention & control
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Dermatitis / etiology
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Dermatitis / genetics
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Dermatitis / immunology
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Dermatitis / prevention & control
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Disease Management
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Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / immunology*
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Hematologic Neoplasms / drug therapy*
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Hematologic Neoplasms / genetics
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Hematologic Neoplasms / immunology
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Hematologic Neoplasms / pathology
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Hepatitis / etiology
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Hepatitis / genetics
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Hepatitis / immunology
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Hepatitis / prevention & control
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Humans
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Immunotherapy / adverse effects*
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Immunotherapy / methods
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Ipilimumab / administration & dosage
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Ipilimumab / adverse effects*
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Nivolumab
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Pneumonia / etiology
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Pneumonia / genetics
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Pneumonia / immunology
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Pneumonia / prevention & control
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Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / antagonists & inhibitors
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Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / genetics
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Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / immunology
Substances
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Antibodies, Monoclonal
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Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
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Antineoplastic Agents
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B7-H1 Antigen
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CD274 protein, human
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CTLA-4 Antigen
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Ipilimumab
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PDCD1 protein, human
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Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
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Nivolumab
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pembrolizumab