Abstract
This study established the comprehensive repeating unit structure of immunologically active glucuronoxylomannan (AAPS) from wood ear mushroom, Auricularia auricula-judae. We identified Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as a critical receptor involved in AAPS-induced macrophage activation to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines. Molecular modeling data and chemical modifications of AAPS revealed that both carboxylic and acetyl moieties of AAPS are equally essential in TLR4 binding to exert in vitro immunostimulatory activity.
MeSH terms
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Adjuvants, Immunologic / chemistry
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Adjuvants, Immunologic / isolation & purification
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Adjuvants, Immunologic / pharmacology*
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Agaricales / chemistry*
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Animals
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Cytokines / metabolism
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Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
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Lipopolysaccharides / antagonists & inhibitors
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Lipopolysaccharides / pharmacology
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Macrophages / drug effects
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Macrophages / immunology
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Mice
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Mice, Knockout
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Polysaccharides / chemistry
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Polysaccharides / immunology*
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Polysaccharides / isolation & purification
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Polysaccharides / pharmacology*
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RAW 264.7 Cells
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Structure-Activity Relationship
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Toll-Like Receptor 4 / agonists*
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Toll-Like Receptor 4 / immunology*
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Toll-Like Receptor 4 / metabolism
Substances
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Adjuvants, Immunologic
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Cytokines
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Lipopolysaccharides
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Polysaccharides
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Tlr4 protein, mouse
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Toll-Like Receptor 4
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glucuronoxylomannan