In the setting of a stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), oligometastatic patients represent a heterogeneous group whose incidence is increasing as far as with the adoption of new therapeutic regimens, the improvement of the molecular characterization assays and the increasing number of long-survivor patients. The oligometastatic state undergone a major revision with the introduction of the new TNM lung cancer staging system, being characterized by a different prognosis compared to multi-metastatic patients. Furthermore, the presence of a limited number of metastases imposes a local control especially when clonal selections occur during adjuvant therapy. In this regard, the review seeks to clarify the indications for surgical treatment by organ according to recent guidelines, by analyzing prognostic factors and outcome of patients. Although accurate patient stratification is mandatory, aggressive local control strategies represent a valid therapeutic approach in patients with oligometastatic NSCLC. At the same time, persevering with ablative strategies raises both medical and ethical issues about limits and reiteration, which certainly requires a deep reflection, being, on the other hand, in front of a metastatic disease.
Keywords: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); long-term survival; oligometastases; radiotherapy; surgical treatment.