Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of international adoption (IA), age at palatoplasty (PR age), and velopharyngeal sufficiency (VPS) on articulation outcomes.
Design: This was a cross-sectional, prospective, observational study.
Setting: Outpatient hospital clinic.
Participants: Fifty-one IA and 65 not-adopted (NA) children between the ages of 3 and 9 with nonsyndromic cleft palate with or without cleft lip.
Main outcome measure(s): The Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-2nd Edition (GFTA-2) standard score and cleft-related articulation errors (CREs).
Results: Articulation impairment was observed for 40% to 76% of NA children and 71% to 92% IA children, depending on age. PR age mean IA = 2.07 (0.86) years; NA = 1.23 (0.71) years. Children who were IA had poorer performance on the GFTA-2 ( B = -13.82, P = .015). Children who were IA were not significantly more likely to make CRE; rather, age at the time of assessment ( B = -.10, P = .002) and VPS ( B = .24, P = .021) were associated with CRE.
Conclusions: Children who were IA demonstrated poorer articulation skills. Although primary palatoplasty was accomplished later among children who were IA, age at assessment and VP status (not PR age) were significantly correlated with articulation outcomes. Implications for timing of surgical intervention are discussed.
Keywords: articulation; cleft palate; international adoption; velopharyngeal insufficiency.