Ambient PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rural Beijing: Unabated with enhanced temporary emission control during the 2014 APEC summit and largely aggravated after the start of wintertime heating

Qingqing Yu; Weiqiang Yang; Ming Zhu; Bo Gao; Sheng Li; Guanghui Li; Hua Fang; Huaishan Zhou; Huina Zhang; Zhenfeng Wu; Wei Song; Jihua Tan; Yanli Zhang; Xinhui Bi; Laiguo Chen; Xinming Wang

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.079

Ambient PM_2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rural Beijing: Unabated with enhanced temporary emission control during the 2014 APEC summit and largely aggravated after the start of wintertime heating

Environ Pollut. 2018 Jul:238:532-542. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.079. Epub 2018 Mar 30.

Authors

Qingqing Yu¹, Weiqiang Yang¹, Ming Zhu¹, Bo Gao², Sheng Li¹, Guanghui Li¹, Hua Fang¹, Huaishan Zhou¹, Huina Zhang¹, Zhenfeng Wu¹, Wei Song³, Jihua Tan⁴, Yanli Zhang³, Xinhui Bi⁵, Laiguo Chen², Xinming Wang⁶

Affiliations

¹ State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
² South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
³ State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
⁴ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
⁵ State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
⁶ State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. Electronic address: wangxm@gig.ac.cn.

PMID: 29605613
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.079

Abstract

For human health benefits it is crucial to see if carcinogenic air pollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are reduced accordingly along with the control of the criteria pollutants including fine particles (PM_2.5). A number of studies documented that enhanced temporary emission control during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit (APEC) in Beijing resulted in substantial drops of observed ambient PM_2.5, as well as PAHs, in urban areas of Beijing, yet it is not clear whether PM_2.5-bound PAHs in the rural areas were also lowered during the APEC. Here filter-based PM_2.5 samples were collected at a rural site in northeast of Beijing, and analyzed for 25 PAHs before (Oct. 27-Nov. 2, 2014), during (Nov. 3-12, 2014) and after (Nov. 13, 2014-Jan. 14, 2015) the APEC. Observed concentrations of PM_2.5, OC and EC during the APEC dropped by about 30%, however, average PM_2.5-bound PAHs and their incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), 25.65 ng/m³ and 3.2 × 10^-4, remained almost unchanged when compared to that of 25.48 ng/m³ and 3.5 × 10^-4, respectively, before the APEC. After the APEC with the start of wintertime central heating in urban Beijing on Nov. 15, 2014, average total concentration of PAHs and their ILCR highly elevated and reached 118.25 ng/m³ and 1.5 × 10^-3, respectively. Source apportioning by positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed that coal combustion was the largest source that contributed 63.2% (16.1 ng/m³), 78.5% (20.1 ng/m³) and 56.1% (66.3 ng/m³) to the total PAHs before, during and after the APEC, respectively. Uncontrolled residential coal use during the APEC was found to be the reason for unabated levels of PAHs, and the largely aggravated PAHs after the APEC was resulted from increased coal consumption for wintertime residential heating. Our results suggested reducing emission from residential coal combustion is crucial to mitigate carcinogenic PAHs in ambient air, especially in rural areas.

Keywords: Beijing; Biomass burning; Coal combustion; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Vehicle exhaust.

MeSH terms

Air Pollutants / analysis*
Asia
Beijing
China
Coal / analysis
Environmental Monitoring*
Heating
Humans
Particulate Matter / analysis
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / analysis*
Rural Population

Substances

Air Pollutants
Coal
Particulate Matter
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons