Purpose: Mitochondria have been implicated in initiating and/or amplifying the biological effects of ionizing radiation not mediated via damage to nuclear DNA. To help elucidate the underlying mechanisms, energy deposition patterns to mitochondria and radiation damage to their DNA have been modelled.
Methods: Track-structure simulations have been performed with PARTRAC biophysical tool for 60Co γ-rays and 5 MeV α-particles. Energy deposition to the cell's mitochondria has been analyzed. A model of mitochondrial DNA reflecting experimental information on its structure has been developed and used to assess its radiation-induced damage.
Results: Energy deposition to mitochondria is highly inhomogeneous, especially at low doses. Although a dose-dependent fraction of mitochondria sees no energy deposition at all, the hit ones receive rather high amounts of energy. Nevertheless, only little damage to mitochondrial DNA occurs, even at large doses.
Conclusion: Mitochondrial DNA does not represent a critical target for radiation effects. Likely, the key role of mitochondria in radiation-induced biological effects arises from the communication between mitochondria and/or with the nucleus. Through this signaling, initial modifications in a few heavily hit mitochondria seem to be amplified to a massive long-term effect manifested in the whole cell or even tissue.
Keywords: DNA damage; DOREMI; Track-structure simulations; microdosimetry; mitochondria.