Hidden degloving rotator cuff tears secondary to glenohumeral dislocation

Abstract

Background: A rare form of rotator cuff tear (RCT) is observed secondary to glenohumeral dislocation, followed by immediate repositioning, as well as formation of scar tissue between tendons and tuberosities. Radiographic diagnosis of such "degloving" tears is problematic because they are obscured by scar tissue. We aimed to describe characteristics of degloving tears and report outcomes following their arthroscopic repair.

Methods: Among 67 patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of RCTs secondary to shoulder dislocation, we identified 8 patients (12%) (7 anterior dislocations and 1 posterior dislocation), aged 54.5 years (range, 38-61 years), with typical characteristics of degloving tears. Preoperative imaging revealed massive 2- or 3-tendon tears in all patients (6 with a ruptured or dislocated long head of the biceps), evaluated preoperatively and at greater than 2 years, using the absolute and age- and gender-adjusted Constant scores, Subjective Shoulder Value, and Simple Shoulder Test score.

Results: The absolute Constant score improved from 27 (range, 17-54) to 89 (range, 62-95). The age- and gender-adjusted Constant score improved from 31 (range, 24-57) to 97 (range, 83-100). The Simple Shoulder Test score improved from 2 (range, 0-4) to 12 (range, 9-12), while the Subjective Shoulder Value improved from 18 (range, 10-30) to 90 (range, 60-100). All patients were very satisfied (63%) or satisfied (37%).

Conclusion: We have described a particular form of RCT secondary to glenohumeral dislocation, resulting in degloving of the rotator cuff, followed by repositioning of tendons. The formation of scar tissue can obscure tendon tears on ultrasound, in which case further imaging is recommended to ascertain the diagnosis and avoid therapeutic delays.

Keywords: Constant score; RCT; arthroscopic; degloving; glenohumeral dislocation; massive tear; radiographic; rotator cuff tear.