Lower plasma choline levels are associated with sleepiness symptoms

Abstract

Sleepiness and cardiovascular disease share common molecular pathways; thus, metabolic risk factors for sleepiness may also predict cardiovascular disease risk. Daytime sleepiness predicts mortality and cardiovascular disease, although the mechanism is unidentified. This study explored the associations between subjective sleepiness and metabolite concentrations in human blood plasma within the oxidative and inflammatory pathways, in order to identify mechanisms that may contribute to sleepiness and cardiovascular disease risk.

Methods: An exploratory case-control sample of 36 subjects, categorized based on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaire as sleepy (ESS ≥ 10) or non-sleepy (ESS < 10), was recruited among subjects undergoing an overnight sleep study for suspected sleep apnea at the University of Pennsylvania Sleep Center. The average age was 42.4 ± 10.5 years, the mean body mass index (BMI) was 40.0 ± 9.36 kg/m², median Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI) was 8.2 (IQR: 2.5-26.5), and 52% were male. Fasting morning blood plasma samples were collected after an overnight sleep study. Biomarkers were explored in subjects with sleepiness versus those without using the multiple linear regression adjusting for age, BMI, smoking, Apnea Hypopnea Index (sleep apnea severity), study cohort, and hypertension.

Results: The level of choline is significantly lower (P = 0.003) in sleepy subjects (N = 18; mean plasma choline concentration of 8.19 ± 2.62 μmol/L) compared with non-sleepy subjects (N = 18; mean plasma choline concentration of 9.14 ± 2.25 μmol/L). Other markers with suggestive differences (P < 0.1) include isovalerylcarnitine, Alpha-Amino apidipic acid, Spingosine 1 Phosphate, Aspartic Acid, Propionylcarnitine, and Ceramides (fatty acids; C14-C16 and C-18).

Conclusion: This pilot study is the first to show that lower levels of plasma choline metabolites are associated with sleepiness. Further exploration of choline and other noted metabolites and their associations with sleepiness will guide targeted symptom management.

Keywords: Humans; Metabolites; Obstructive sleep apnea; Sleepiness.