Using preclinical models, we have recently found that ELK1, a transcriptional factor that activates downstream targets, including c-fos proto-oncogene, induces bladder cancer outgrowth. Here, we immunohistochemically determined the expression status of phospho-ELK1, an activated form of ELK1, in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUTUC). Overall, phospho-ELK1 was positive in 47 (47.5%; 37 weak (1+) and 10 moderate (2+)) of 99 UUTUCs, which was significantly (P = 0.002) higher than in benign urothelium (21 (25.3%) of 83; 17 1+ and 4 2+) and was also associated with androgen receptor expression (P = 0.001). Thirteen (35.1%) of 37 non-muscle-invasive versus 34 (54.8%) of 62 muscle-invasive UUTUCs (P = 0.065) were immunoreactive for phospho-ELK1. Lymphovascular invasion was significantly (P = 0.014) more often seen in phospho-ELK1(2+) tumors (80.0%) than in phospho-ELK1(0/1+) tumors (36.0%). There were no statistically significant associations between phospho-ELK1 expression and tumor grade, presence of concurrent carcinoma in situ or hydronephrosis, or pN status. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests revealed that patients with phospho-ELK1(2+) tumor had marginally and significantly higher risks of disease progression (P = 0.055) and cancer-specific mortality (P = 0.008), respectively, compared to those with phospho-ELK1(0/1+) tumor. The current results thus support our previous observations in bladder cancer and further suggest that phospho-ELK1 overexpression serves as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with UUTUC.
Keywords: ELK1; androgen receptor; immunohistochemistry; prognosis; upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma.