A case of an infant suspected as IMAGE syndrome who were finally diagnosed with MIRAGE syndrome by targeted Mendelian exome sequencing

BMC Med Genet. 2018 Mar 5;19(1):35. doi: 10.1186/s12881-018-0546-4.

Abstract

Background: Adrenal hypoplasia is a rare congenital disorder, which can be classified into a non-syndromic form, without extra-adrenal features, and a syndromic form, with such features. Despite biochemical and molecular genetic evaluation, etiologic diagnosis cannot be performed in many patients with adrenal hypoplasia.

Case presentation: The patient in this case was a boy born at 31 weeks of gestation with a weight of 882 g (< 3rd percentile) to non-consanguineous parents. Genital examination showed micropenis and bilateral cryptorchidism. On the third day of life, he manifested hypotension with high urine output, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypernatriuria, high plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone level, and high plasma renin activity, suggesting acute adrenal insufficiency. The serum 17α-hydroxyprogesterone level was normal. Adrenal insufficiency improved following administration of hydrocortisone and 9α-fludrocortisone, but the patient died of recurrent infection at 4 months of age. He was suspected as IMAGE (Intrauterine growth restriction, Metaphyseal dysplasia, Adrenal hypoplasia congenita, and Genital anomalies) syndrome. However, no mutation in CDKN1C was identified. Targeted exome sequencing using the TruSight One Sequencing Panel (Illumina) identified a heterozygous mutation of c.2944C > T (p.R982C) in exon 3 in SAMD9.

Conclusion: This report describes the first Korean case of MIRAGE syndrome. The patient presented with severe primary adrenal insufficiency, intrauterine growth retardation, and recurrent infection. SAMD9 mutation should be considered in patients who present with adrenal hypoplasia and extra-adrenal phenotypes.

Keywords: Congenital adrenal hypoplasia; MIRAGE syndrome; SAMD9.

Publication types

  • Case Reports
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone / blood
  • Adrenal Insufficiency / diagnosis*
  • Adrenal Insufficiency / genetics*
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / blood
  • Asian People / genetics
  • Cryptorchidism / diagnosis
  • Cryptorchidism / genetics
  • Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57 / genetics
  • Exome Sequencing*
  • Exons
  • Fetal Growth Retardation / diagnosis*
  • Fetal Growth Retardation / genetics*
  • Genital Diseases, Male / diagnosis
  • Genital Diseases, Male / genetics
  • Humans
  • Hydrocortisone / therapeutic use
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
  • Male
  • Mutation
  • Osteochondrodysplasias / diagnosis*
  • Osteochondrodysplasias / genetics*
  • Penis / abnormalities
  • Proteins / genetics
  • Renin / blood
  • Urogenital Abnormalities / diagnosis*
  • Urogenital Abnormalities / genetics*

Substances

  • CDKN1C protein, human
  • Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57
  • Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
  • Proteins
  • SAMD9 protein, human
  • 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
  • Renin
  • Hydrocortisone

Supplementary concepts

  • Intrauterine Growth Retardation, Metaphyseal Dysplasia, Adrenal Hypoplasia Congenita, And Genital Anomalies
  • Penis agenesis