Objective: Optimal placement of electrodes is important for spinal cord stimulation. Factors affecting the difficulty of percutaneous electrode placement are not well known. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the factors affecting the difficulty of percutaneous electrode placement.
Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 90 consecutive procedures of percutaneous cylindrical electrode implantation at the first author's institution. Age, sex, smoking state, body mass index, the duration of time from the beginning of pain syndrome to operation, diagnosis, the number of previous electrode placements, the previous electrode implantation period, the presence of axial low back pain, the electrode tip level, the pattern of electrode placement, and the reason for reimplantation were selected as factors associated with the success of electrode placement or the operation time of electrode placement.
Results: The number of previous electrode placements and the electrode tip level were independently associated with the operation time of electrode placement. According to both univariable and multivariable regression analyses, 1 previous electrode placement lengthened the operation time by approximately 15 minutes. No factors were significantly associated with the success of electrode placement. The more frequently that previous electrode placement was performed, the more difficult electrode placement tended to be. However, electrode reimplantation can be successful given extra time.
Conclusions: This is the first study to evaluate factors affecting the difficulty of percutaneous electrode placement. A history of percutaneous cylindrical electrode placement did not affect the success of current placement, although it lengthened the operation time.
Keywords: Cylindrical lead; Epidural adhesion; Neuromodulation; Percutaneous; Spinal cord stimulation.
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