N-Benzyl Substitution of Polyhydroxypyrrolidines: The Way to Selective Inhibitors of Golgi α-Mannosidase II

Abstract

Inhibition of the biosynthesis of complex N-glycans in the Golgi apparatus influences progress of tumor growth and metastasis. Golgi α-mannosidase II (GMII) has become a therapeutic target for drugs with anticancer activities. One critical task for successful application of GMII drugs in medical treatments is to decrease their unwanted co-inhibition of lysosomal α-mannosidase (LMan), a weakness of all known potent GMII inhibitors. A series of novel N-substituted polyhydroxypyrrolidines was synthesized and tested with modeled GH38 α-mannosidases from Drosophila melanogaster (GMIIb and LManII). The most potent structures inhibited GMIIb (K_i =50-76 μm, as determined by enzyme assays) with a significant selectivity index of IC₅₀ (LManII)/IC₅₀ (GMIIb) >100. These compounds also showed inhibitory activities in in vitro assays with cancer cell lines (leukemia, IC₅₀ =92-200 μm) and low cytotoxic activities in normal fibroblast cell lines (IC₅₀ >200 μm). In addition, they did not show any significant inhibitory activity toward GH47 Aspergillus saitoiα1,2-mannosidase. An appropriate stereo configuration of hydroxymethyl and benzyl functional groups on the pyrrolidine ring of the inhibitor may lead to an inhibitor with the required selectivity for the active site of a target α-mannosidase.

Keywords: Golgi α-mannosidase II; cytotoxicity; molecular modeling; pyrrolidines; swainsonine.