Proton change of parotid glands after gustatory stimulation examined by magnetic resonance imaging

Yi-Jui Liu; Yi-Hsiung Lee; Hing-Chiu Chang; Hui-Chu Chiu; Ta-Wei Chiu; Kang Hsu; Cheng-Ming Pen; Hsian-He Hsu; Chun-Jung Juan

doi:10.1002/nbm.3885

Proton change of parotid glands after gustatory stimulation examined by magnetic resonance imaging

NMR Biomed. 2018 Mar;31(3). doi: 10.1002/nbm.3885. Epub 2018 Jan 8.

Authors

Yi-Jui Liu¹, Yi-Hsiung Lee^{2

3}, Hing-Chiu Chang⁴, Hui-Chu Chiu⁵, Ta-Wei Chiu⁶, Kang Hsu⁷, Cheng-Ming Pen^{2

8}, Hsian-He Hsu^{3

9}, Chun-Jung Juan^{3

9}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Automatic Control Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
² PhD Program in Electrical and Communication Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
³ Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
⁴ Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
⁵ PhD Program of Technology Management, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China.
⁶ Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
⁷ Department of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
⁸ Da Vinci Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
⁹ Department of Radiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.

PMID: 29315960
DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3885

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate proton changes of the parotid gland after gustatory stimulation by semi-quantitative parameters and an empirical mathematical model (EMM) using high-temporal-resolution, double-echo, echo-planar imaging (EPI). Approved by a local institutional review board, this study examined 20 parotid glands from 10 healthy volunteers (male:female = 6: 4; age ± standard deviation =35.1 ± 14.1 years) with written informed consent obtained. All participants underwent 1.5-T, double-echo EPI with gustatory stimulation. Semi-quantitative parameters, including maximal drop ratio (MDR), time to peak (TTP), drop slope (DS), recovery slope (RS) and recovery ratio (RR), were calculated. The effect of temporal resolution on parotid functional parameters was evaluated. An EMM comprising an output function ( Sot=Aoe-kot+B) and an input function ( Sint=Ain1-e-kint) was also applied to fit all dynamic curves. Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon test, linear regression analysis and goodness of fit were used for statistical analysis. p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The signal intensity dropped significantly after gustatory stimulation on the proton density (PD) image (p < 0.01). MDR was 8.26% in the PD image. MDR and RR were negatively associated with time interval, whereas DS and TTP were significantly positively associated with time interval (all p < 0.05). EMM parametric values derived from PD-time curves of parotid glands were 12.04 ± 6.81%, 6.43 ± 4.23 min^-1 , 88.73 ± 6.18%, 8.41 ± 4.86 min^-1 and 1.09 ± 1.35 for A_o , k_o , B, A_in and k_in , respectively. Semi-quantitative functional parameters and EMM parameters using high-temporal-resolution, double-echo EPI allow the quantification of parotid proton changes after gustatory stimulation.

Keywords: echo-planar imaging; empirical mathematical modeling; gustatory stimulation; magnetic resonance imaging; parotid gland function; proton density; salivary gland; temporal resolution.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Adult
Computer Simulation
Female
Humans
Magnetic Resonance Imaging*
Male
Parotid Gland / metabolism*
Protons*
Taste*
Time Factors

Substances

Protons