Objective: In recent years, air pollutant concentrations in Japan have decreased slightly; however, there are growing concerns about the influences of transnational air pollution on respiratory illness. We aimed to clarify the short-term association between the ambient air pollution and respiratory symptoms among children without asthma, children with asthma not using long-term medications (CA-nonLTM), and those using them (CA-LTM).
Methods: A total of 138 children attending 2 primary schools and 71 children with asthma regularly visiting cooperating medical institutions were recruited. Study participants measured peak expiratory flow (PEF) twice a day and recorded coughing, nasal symptoms, and medication use in a diary. Predicted associations between daily air pollutant concentrations and respiratory symptoms, and PEF were evaluated using case-crossover and generalized estimate equation models.
Results: Changes in %maxPEF per 10 ppb oxidant (Ox) increase in children without asthma, CA-nonLTM, and CA-LTM were -0.26% (95% CI: -0.49, -0.03), -0.51% (95% CI: -0.89, -0.12), and -0.20% (95% CI: -0.42, 0.01), respectively. The odds ratios for coughing per 10 ppb Ox increase in the Lag0 model were 1.34 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.60), 1.52 (95% CI: 1.12, 2.07), and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.20), respectively. These suggested that the Ox concentration has graded effects on %maxPEF and coughing, in the following descending order, CA-nonLTM, children without asthma, and CA-LTM. The Ox concentration was also positively associated with nasal symptoms in children without asthma and CA-LTM.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that using long-term medications to manage asthma may play an important role in preventing exacerbation of respiratory symptoms due to air pollution.
Keywords: PM2.5; Peak expiratory flow; air pollution; asthma attack; medication use; ozone; school children.