Background: The tasks involved in reconstructing the urethra after failed hypospadias repair range from correction of a trivial meatal stenosis to reconstruction of the entire anterior urethra.
Objectives: To describe pathological findings in the urethra after failed hypospadias repair and the respective surgical methods used for their correction.
Materials and methods: The various pathological findings after unsuccessful hypospadias surgery are classified according to their location and complexity.
Results: The general rules of reconstruction that should be applied in each particular situation are described.
Conclusions: Successful reconstruction of the urethra in patients with failed hypospadias surgery requires experience and good knowledge of the anatomy of the normal and hypospadic urethra and penis. Mastery of plastic surgical techniques and profound knowledge of the various surgical methods of hypospadias surgery are essential.
Keywords: Cystoscopy; Reconstruction; Recurrence; Stenosis; Urethra fistula.