Gain-of-function mutant p53 promotes the oncogenic potential of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells by targeting the transcription factors FOXO3a and FOXM1

Oncogene. 2018 Mar;37(10):1279-1292. doi: 10.1038/s41388-017-0032-z. Epub 2017 Dec 22.

Abstract

Many mutant p53 proteins exert oncogenic gain-of-function (GOF) properties that promote cancer cell invasive growth and metastasis, yet the mechanisms mediating these functions still largely remain elusive. We show here that overexpression of the GOF mutant p53 G245D and other GOF p53 mutants enhances the invasive cell growth of p53-deficient head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) UM-SCC-1 cells both in in vitro three-dimensional culture and in an in vivo orthotopic nude mouse model of HNSCC through a novel transcription-independent mechanism. We demonstrate that the expression of the oncogenic forkhead transcription factor FOXM1 is upregulated by GOF mutant p53s. Moreover, we show that overexpression of GOF mutant p53 G245D decreases the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated phosphorylation of FOXO3a, a tumor suppressive forkhead transcription factor, leading to its cytoplasmic accumulation. This downregulation of FOXO3a's activity, in turn, leads to de-repression of FOXM1 expression. Importantly, we show that either overexpression of FOXO3a or downregulation of FOXM1 impairs both GOF mutant p53-mediated cell invasion in vitro and pulmonary metastases of UM-SCC-1 cells in vivo. Finally, not only do oral cancer patients with p53 mutations exhibit higher levels of FOXM1 expression than patients with wild-type p53, but also HNSCC patients with TP53 mutations and high levels of FOXM1 expression have the poorest survival outcomes. Given our prior demonstration that GOF mutant p53s inhibit AMPK, our current study, establishes and demonstrates a novel transcription-independent GOF mutant p53-AMPK-FOXO3a-FOXM1 signaling cascade that plays an important role in mediating mutant p53s' gain-of-function activities in HNSCCs.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Amino Acid Substitution / genetics
  • Animals
  • Carcinogenesis / genetics*
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Forkhead Box Protein M1 / genetics*
  • Forkhead Box Protein O3 / genetics*
  • Gain of Function Mutation* / physiology
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Mice, Nude
  • Signal Transduction / genetics
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck / genetics*
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck / pathology
  • Transcriptional Activation / genetics
  • Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / genetics*

Substances

  • FOXM1 protein, human
  • FOXO3 protein, human
  • Forkhead Box Protein M1
  • Forkhead Box Protein O3
  • TP53 protein, human
  • Tumor Suppressor Protein p53