Postpericardiotomy syndrome (PPS) is a common complication following cardiac surgery. In most cases it develops 2 to 3 weeks after the operation. An inflammatory reaction develops in the pericardium or pleural space with fever, chest pain and dyspnea as typical symptoms. The disease process is usually self-limiting. At present, the etiology is unknown, but an immunological mechanism is suspected as the cause of the disease. The incidence of PPS is essentially dependent on diagnostic criteria, patient group and type of operation. Treatment is carried out with anti-inflammatory analgesics, combined with colchicine in more severe cases.