Fate of 137Cs, 90Sr and 239+240Pu in soil profiles at a water recharge site in Basel, Switzerland

Johannes Abraham; Katrin Meusburger; Judith Kobler Waldis; Michael E Ketterer; Markus Zehringer

doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.11.019

Fate of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr and ^239+240Pu in soil profiles at a water recharge site in Basel, Switzerland

J Environ Radioact. 2018 Feb:182:85-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.11.019. Epub 2017 Dec 1.

Authors

Johannes Abraham¹, Katrin Meusburger², Judith Kobler Waldis², Michael E Ketterer³, Markus Zehringer⁴

Affiliations

¹ State-Laboratory Basel-City, Kannenfeldstrasse 2, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
² Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
³ Metropolitan State University of Denver, Department of Chemistry, Campus Box 52, Denver, CO 80217-3362, USA.
⁴ State-Laboratory Basel-City, Kannenfeldstrasse 2, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: markus.zehringer@bs.ch.

PMID: 29202373
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.11.019

Abstract

An important process in the production of drinking water is the recharge of the withdrawn ground water with river water at protected recharge fields. While it is well known that undisturbed soils are efficiently filtering and adsorbing radionuclides, the goal of this study was to investigate their behaviour in an artificial recharge site that may receive rapid and additional input of radionuclides by river water (particularly when draining a catchment including nuclear power plants (NPP)). Soil profiles of recharge sites were drilled and analysed for radionuclides, specifically radiocesium (¹³⁷Cs), radiostrontium (⁹⁰Sr) and plutonium (^239+240Pu). The distribution of the analysed radionuclides were compared with an uncultivated reference soil outside the recharge site. The main activity of ¹³⁷Cs was located in the top soil (4.5-7.5 cm) and reached down to a depth of 84 cm and 48 cm for the recharge and the reference site, respectively. The found activities of ^239+240Pu originate from the global fallout after 1950. ^239+240Pu appeared to be strongly adsorbed onto soil particles. The shape of the depth profile was similar to ¹³⁷Cs, but also similar between the recharge and the reference site. In contrast, ⁹⁰Sr showed a uniform distribution over the entire depth of the recharge and reference profiles indicating that ⁹⁰Sr already entered the gravel zone and the ground water. Elevated inventories of the radionuclides were observed for the recharge site. The soil of the recharge field exhibited a threefold higher activity of ¹³⁷Cs compared to the reference soil. Also for ^239+240Pu higher inventories where observed for the recharge sites (40%). ⁹⁰Sr behaved differently, showing similar inventories between reference and recharge site. We estimate that 75-89% of the total inventory of ¹³⁷Cs in the soil at the recharge site (7.000 Bq/m²) originated from the fallout of the Chernobyl accident and from emissions of Swiss NPPs. This estimate is based on the actual activity ratio of ¹³⁷Cs/^239+240Pu of 22 for global fallout. The investigations identified radiostrontium as potential threat to the ground water.

Keywords: Cesium-137; Chernobyl; Global fallout; NPP accidents; Plutonium; Strontium-90; Surface groundwater recharge.

MeSH terms

Cesium Radioisotopes / analysis*
Nuclear Power Plants
Plutonium / analysis*
Radiation Monitoring*
Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / analysis*
Strontium Radioisotopes / analysis*
Switzerland

Substances

Cesium Radioisotopes
Soil Pollutants, Radioactive
Strontium Radioisotopes
Plutonium