Magnesium-based bioceramics in orthopedic applications

Maryam Nabiyouni; Theresa Brückner; Huan Zhou; Uwe Gbureck; Sarit B Bhaduri

doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.033

Magnesium-based bioceramics in orthopedic applications

Acta Biomater. 2018 Jan 15:66:23-43. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.033. Epub 2017 Dec 2.

Authors

Maryam Nabiyouni¹, Theresa Brückner², Huan Zhou³, Uwe Gbureck⁴, Sarit B Bhaduri⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
² Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
³ School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China.
⁴ Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. Electronic address: uwe.gbureck@fmz.uni-wuerzburg.de.
⁵ Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA; Department of Surgery (Dentistry), University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.

PMID: 29197578
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.033

Abstract

Magnesium ions are directly involved in numerous biological mechanisms; for example, they play an important part in the regulation of ion channels, DNA stabilization, enzyme activation and stimulation of cell growth and proliferation. This alkaline earth metal has gained great popularity in orthopedic applications in recent years. Magnesium-based bioceramics include a large group of magnesium containing compounds such as oxides, phosphates and silicates, that are involved in orthopedic applications like bone cements, bone scaffolds or implant coatings. This article aims to give a comprehensive review on different magnesium-based bioceramics, e.g. magnesium phosphates (MgO-P₂O₅), calcium magnesium phosphates (CaO-MgO-P₂O₅), and magnesium glasses (SiO₂-MgO) with a strong focus on the chemistry and properties of magnesium phosphate containing cements as the main application form. In addition, the processing of magnesium phosphate minerals into macroporous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications by either using traditional porogens or by additive manufacturing approaches are reflected. Finally, the biological in vitro and in vivo properties of magnesium phosphates for bone regeneration are summarized, which show promising results regarding the application as bone replacement material, but still lack in terms of testing in large animal models, load-bearing application sites and clinical data.

Statement of significance: Though bone substitutes from calcium phosphates have been investigated for a long time, a new trend is visible in the biomaterials sector: magnesium based bioceramics from magnesium phosphates and silicates due to the special biological significance of magnesium ions in enzymatic activation, cell growth and proliferation, etc. In contrast to pure magnesium implants, such formulations do not release hydrogen during degradation. As with calcium based bioceramics, magnesium based bioceramics are used for the development of diverse applications such as cements, macroporous scaffolds and coatings. From this perspective, we present a systematic overview on diverse kinds of magnesium based bioceramics, their processing regimes for different clinical purposes and their behavior both in vitro and in vivo.

Keywords: Bioscaffold; Implant coating; Magnesium containing cement.

Publication types

Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Review

MeSH terms

Animals
Biocompatible Materials / pharmacology*
Bone and Bones / drug effects
Bone and Bones / metabolism
Ceramics / pharmacology*
Humans
Magnesium / pharmacology*
Orthopedics / methods*

Substances

Biocompatible Materials
Magnesium