Multi-spectral imaging for the estimation of shooting distances

Félix Zapata; María López-López; José Manuel Amigo; Carmen García-Ruiz

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.025

Multi-spectral imaging for the estimation of shooting distances

Forensic Sci Int. 2018 Jan:282:80-85. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.025. Epub 2017 Nov 22.

Authors

Félix Zapata¹, María López-López², José Manuel Amigo³, Carmen García-Ruiz⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain. Electronic address: felix.zapata@uah.es.
² Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain. Electronic address: m.lopezl@uah.es.
³ Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil; Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30 - Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: jmar@food.ku.dk.
⁴ Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain. Electronic address: carmen.gruiz@uah.es.

PMID: 29174514
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.025

Abstract

Multispectral images of clothing targets shot at seven different distances (from 10 to 220cm) were recorded at 18 specific wavelengths in the 400-1000nm range to visualize the gunshot residue (GSR) pattern. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the use of violet-blue wavelengths (430, 450 and 470nm) provided the largest contrast between the GSR particles and the white cotton fabric. Then, the correlation between the amount of GSR particles on clothing targets and the shooting distance was studied. By selecting the blue frame of multispectral images (i.e. the blue frame in the red-green-blue (RGB) system which falls at 470nm), the amount of pixels containing GSR particles was accounted based on the intensity of pixels in that frame. Results demonstrated that the number of pixels containing GSR exponentially decreases with the shooting distance from 30 to 220cm following a particular exponential equation. However, the targets shot at the shortest distance (10cm) did not satisfy the above equation, probably due to the noticeable differences of the GSR-pattern of these targets (e.g. high presence of soot). Then, the equation was applied to validation samples to estimate the shooting distances, obtaining results with an error below 10%.

Keywords: Gunshot residues; Image processing; Multispectral imaging; RGB; Shooting distance.