A comparison of two digestion methods for assessing heavy metals level in urban soils influenced by mining and industrial activities

Abstract

A comparison between two digestion methods of hot plate Hossner (total-total) and USEPA method 3051 (total-recoverable) was carried out to suggest a proper method for determining nine heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) content of three urban soils affected by mining (Mahd AD'Dahab) or industrial activities (Riyadh and Jubail) at Saudi Arabia. The results showed no significant differences between two digestion methods for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soils affected by mining and for Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in soils affected by industrial activities. Additionally, lower biases were obtained between two methods for metals Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb in the urban soil samples from mining area with the percent biases of -16.5%, +6.24%, -12.4% and +24.1%, respectively. The results also revealed that only Cu and Zn in the soil samples from Riyadh were extracted satisfactorily using USEPA 3051 with low biases of +5.69% and -9.61%, respectively. Meanwhile, only Pb in soil samples from Jubail showed lower baise between two methods with satisfactory biase of -8.07%. The correlation coefficients were significant between total-recoverable and total-total concentrations for Cu (r = 0.66), Pb (r = 0.72) and Cd (r = 0.65) in soil samples from mining area. Overall, concentrations of Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Ni that may show soil background concentrations were found higher by Hossner method than by USEPA 3051; thus, this suggests the addition of hydrofluoric acid (HF) is necessary for the determination of lithogenic metal concentrations. It could be concluded that the USEPA 3051 may be recommended and applied for total Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn originated from anthropogenic source in mining and industrial areas.

Keywords: Geo-accumulation index; Heavy metals; Mining activities; USEPA 3051; Urban soils.