While dose dependencies in pharmacokinetics and clearance are often observed in clinically used small molecules, very few studies have been dedicated to the understandings of potential dose-dependent in vivo transport of nanomedicines. Here we report that the pharmacokinetics and clearance of renal clearable gold nanoparticles (GS-AuNPs) are strongly dose-dependent once injection doses are above 15 mg kg-1 : high dose expedited the renal excretion and shortened the blood retention. As a result, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) of GS-AuNPs was >1000 mg kg-1 in CD-1 mice. The efficient renal clearance and high compatibility can be translated to the non-human primates: no adverse effects were observed within 90 days after intravenous injection of 250 mg kg-1 GS-AuNPs. These fundamental understandings of dose effect on the in vivo transport of ultrasmall AuNPs open up a pathway to maximize their biomedical potentials and minimize their toxicity in the future clinical translation.
Keywords: biocompatibility; dose dependencies; nanoparticles; non-human primates; renal clearance.
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